Israel has reported a significant increase in West Nile virus (WNV) cases in recent weeks. According to the Israeli Ministry of Health, there have been over 200 confirmed cases and at least 15 fatalities attributed to the virus. The alarming situation has heightened concerns among neighbouring countries, including Egypt. With the potential for the virus to spread across borders, the Ministry of Health and Population, quarantine authorities and other relevant bodies have implemented a series of strategies to mitigate the risk.

Ministry spokesman Hossam Abdel-Ghaffar said the WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, particularly the Culex species. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on birds that carry the virus, thus transmitting it to humans, horses, and other mammals. About 80 per cent of those infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, according to Abdel-Ghaffar. However, he added, about 20 per cent of infected individuals develop mild symptoms, which can include fever, headache, body aches, joint pains, muscle weakness, coma, vision loss, numbness, vomiting, diarrhea, and a rash. “A small percentage of infected people develop severe neurological illness, such as paralysis, encephalitis, and meningitis,” Abdel-Ghaffar said.

Infection with WNV can lead to death, particularly in severe cases involving neurological illness. The fatality rate is estimated to be around 10 per cent for those who develop severe neurological complications. The rate is higher among older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems.

“We are closely monitoring the WNV outbreak in Israel and have implemented comprehensive measures to protect our citizens. Surveillance and rapid response teams have been activated across the country,” Abdel-Ghaffar pointed out.

The ministry, according to Abdel-Ghaffar, has launched an awareness campaign to educate the public about WNV transmission and prevention. This includes distributing information materials, broadcasting public service announcements, and utilising social media platforms to reach a wider audience.

The Egyptian Quarantine Authority has intensified its efforts at border crossings, airports, and ports. “We have increased screening and monitoring at all points of entry,” Ayman Saad, head of the Quarantine Authority, said.

“Travellers from affected areas are being thoroughly checked for symptoms and any suspected cases are isolated and tested immediately,” Saad said.

Enhanced vector control measures have also been put in place. These include fumigation and spraying insecticide in high-risk areas, particularly around ports of entry and mosquito breeding sites.

Airports play a critical role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Cairo International Airport, Egypt’s busiest airport, has implemented stringent health ch ecks for all passengers arriving from Israel and other affected regions.

“We have established a dedicated health screening area for flights from Israel,” Magdi Ismail, director of the airport’s health department, said. “Passengers undergo temperature checks, and those showing symptoms are given further medical examinations.”

Additionally, the airport has increased the frequency of cleaning and disinfection in passenger areas to reduce the risk of viral transmission.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has been closely collaborating with Egyptian health authorities on the virus. “WHO has provided technical support and resources to enhance Egypt’s capacity for early detection and response. This includes training healthcare workers, supplying diagnostic kits and advising on effective vector control strategies,” director of Emergency Operations at WHO’s regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean Richard Brennan said in a recent statement. The implementation of preventive measures aims to reduce the risk of WNV transmission in Egypt. “To date, there have been no confirmed cases of the virus in the country. However, the ministry continues to emphasise the importance of vigilance and public cooperation,” said Abdel-Ghaffar, emphasising fumigation and insecticide-spraying in high-risk areas, particularly around ports of entry as well as stagnant waters.

Abdel-Ghaffar advises people to apply insect repellents containing picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus which can help prevent mosquito bites. Keeping mosquitoes out of homes using screens on windows and doors is an effective measure.

* A version of this article appears in print in the 8 August, 2024 edition of Al-Ahram Weekly