Published on 20 October, the report, numbered A/80/492, titled Gaza Genocide: A Collective Crime, and submitted to the UN General Assembly, examines how Third States, countries not party to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, have enabled or directly participated in Israel’s genocidal war on Gaza and ongoing occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
It is the fifth such report produced by Albanese since the start of Israel's genocidal war on the Gaza Strip in October 2023.
Her first, A/78/545, was published on 20 October 2023, offering an initial assessment of the intensifying violence and humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the West Bank.
The second, A/HRC/55/73, submitted to the Human Rights Council on 25 March 2024, expanded on those findings and detailed evidence of systematic violations of international humanitarian law.
In October 2024, Albanese presented A/79/384, titled Genocide as Colonial Erasure, which explicitly argued that Israel’s military assault on Gaza fit the legal definition of genocide.
The following year, her June 2025 report to the Human Rights Council—A/HRC/59/23, From Economy of Occupation to Economy of Genocide—linked the ongoing assault to structural economic exploitation under occupation.
Israel has killed over 68,858 Palestinians in Gaza and wounded 170,664 since October 2023, most of them women and children, according to the Palestinian health ministry.
In the same time frame, the Israeli army has killed 1,048 Palestinians in the occupied West Bank. This figure represents 43 percent of all Palestinians killed in the West Bank in the past 20 years, according to the United Nations Human Rights Office, Occupied Palestinian Territories (OHCHR).
The report comes amid 194 documented Israeli violations—and counting—of the Gaza ceasefire with Hamas, in place since 10 October under a deal brokered by Egypt, Qatar, the United States, and Turkey and signed at the Sharm El-Sheikh Summit for Peace.
Western support under scrutiny
Albanese’s report identifies four key sectors in which Third States provide “aid and assistance” to Israel’s “unlawful occupation and its genocide of the Palestinian people.”
She said that many Western countries have shielded Israel from international accountability, echoing its narrative about events in the occupied Palestinian territories.
According to the report, Third States have defended Israeli policies in multilateral fora while failing to adopt concrete political measures, beyond “symbolic gestures”, to end Israel’s crimes and violations.
The report further accuses several governments of continuing to supply Israel with weapons, intelligence, and operational support that provide the means of destruction in Israel’s genocidal campaign in Gaza.
Courtesy of Law for Palestine.
Economic and humanitarian complicity
The Special Rapporteur said that many Western states have “facilitated the deterioration of conditions of life in Gaza,” either by enabling or failing to prevent the use of aid as a weapon, attacks on humanitarian infrastructure, and the imposition of a blockade that has led to famine, mass casualties, and forced displacement.
She added that these states have also maintained, and in some cases expanded, trade, investment, and financial ties with Israel, including the supply of dual-use goods, military technologies, fuel, and critical infrastructure, thereby sustaining its economy, occupation, and ongoing acts of genocide.
The report warns that when a state’s complicity becomes “direct, indispensable and constitutive,” to the extent that Israel’s crimes “would not have occurred in whole or in part without it,” those states may have crossed the threshold from complicity to direct participation.
Call for accountability and boycott
Albanese’s report reiterates that Israel has “failed for decades to distinguish between its territory and the occupied Palestinian territories,” even after the International Court of Justice ruled its occupation of Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, illegal.
She argues that Third States must “presume indistinguishability” between Israel and the occupied territories and impose “a comprehensive boycott of Israel.”
“Most Western leaders parroted Israeli narratives, disseminated by State and corporate media, repeating debunked claims and erasing core distinctions between combatants and civilians,” the report says. “Drawing on a long history of the ‘savage’ denied protections of international law ... Western States helped to justify the genocide against Palestinians.”
“Many Third States have operated with the very impunity they have granted Israel. Their disregard for international law undermines the foundations of the multilateral order painstakingly built over eight decades ... within the United Nations.”
The report concludes by calling for accountability to extend beyond prosecutions to include “reparations: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, by Israel and by Third States that have supported its crimes.”
“The power structures that enabled these heinous crimes must be dismantled,” Albanese wrote, urging “trade unions, lawyers, civil society and ordinary citizens to continue to press institutions, governments and corporations with boycotts, divestments and sanctions until the end of the Israeli illegal occupation and related crimes.”
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